Chokusen wakashū


The chokusen wakashū, also shortened to chokusenshū, were imperially-commissioned Japanese anthologies of waka poetry. They numbered 21 in total.

Overview

The term chokusen wakashū refers to anthologies of waka poetry compiled and presented for inspection on the order of either a reigning emperor of Japan, or a retired or cloistered emperor. The first was the Kokin Wakashū compiled at the beginning of the tenth century and the last was the Shinshoku Kokin Wakashū compiled in the first half of the fifteenth century, with 21 in total.
The first three chokusenshū are referred to as the sandaishū, the first eight as the hachidaishū, the ninth through the 21st called the jūsandaishū, and the whole group of 21 as the nijūichidaishū. The total number of poems contained in the 21 collections comes to about 33,700.
Two collections were compiled on the orders of emperors but are not included in this list. The first is the Shoku-Shika Wakashū, which was commissioned by Emperor Nijō, but the emperor died before it could be presented to him, and so it was never formally given the title of chokusenshū. The second is the Shin'yō Wakashū, a so-called quasi-chokusenshū, which was compiled at the end of the 14th century at the Southern Court.

''Nijūichidaishū''

The Nijūichidaishū are Japan's twenty one imperial collections of waka poetry written by noblemen. The following texts listed in chronological order constitute the Nijūichidaishū:
The Hachidaishū are the first eight collections, in which the first three collections are the Sandaishū. The Sandaishū provided both the language and organizational principles for the rest of the anthologies thereafter. They are:
The Jūsandaishū are the later thirteen collections. They are:
Note that the Shin'yō Wakashū—although an imperial anthology of Japanese poetry—is not included in the list of twenty one collections.

Commissioners and compilers

The compilers of the first several chokusenshū were acting under direct orders of the reigning emperor, but during the period of cloistered rule it was more common for the anthologies to be commissioned by the retired emperor who was in charge of the court.
With the exceptions of the Shūi Wakashū and the Fūga Wakashū, the commissioner would give the order to between one and five compilers to select poems, arrange them into books by topic, arrange the poems within each book and make orthographic decisions. When the compilation was completed, the collection would be presented to the commissioner for inspection. Occasionally the commissioner would order changes to be made, resulting in, for example, the three variant texts of the Kin'yō Wakashū. The Shin-Kokin Wakashū has an unusual history that after being inspected and approved, later changes were made personally by the commissioner.
The last four chokusenshū were compiled during a period of decline for the imperial house, and were instead commissioned and completed under the auspices of the Ashikaga shōguns. Ashikaga Yoshimasa ordered a further collection, which Asukai Masachika began compiling, but the work was abandoned during the Ōnin War.

Works cited